Development 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development 1 - Essay Example 1 Balanced growth (1953) The theory of balanced growth was proposed by Ragnar Nurkse in 1953. This theory was framed on the fact that newly independent economies could not achieve faster economic development due to the rapidity in basic commodity exports. The imported industrial commodities were the only alternatives which could have expanded the destroyed economies. In other words, the balanced growth or simultaneous enlargement of all industries was the most appropriate way to stimulate the economic growth of underdeveloped economies. At the same time, this type of growth necessitated the accumulation of large resources at one time. According to Nurkse (1953), â€Å"poor developing economies were characterized by a large surplus of labour employed at zero marginal cost in the traditional sector† (cited in Hayami, Hayami and Godo, 135). Nurkse’s model failed to provide adequate alternatives for the development of newly independent economies. Take-off into sustained gro wth (1956) Rostow (1956) defines Take-off into sustained growth model as, â€Å"the interval during which the rate of investment increases in such a way that real output per capita rises† (cited in Crouzet, 153). He also proposes certain conditions for the application of this theory. Rostow says that the proportion of net investment to national income must rise from 5% to 10% in order to satisfy the terms of the theory. Although Rostow connected his theory with the events occurred in Great Britain and several other countries, the theorist could not get any support from the available quantitative data (153). Critical minimum effort thesis (1957) Harvey Leibenstein (1957 cited in Gupta, 176), in his Critical Minimum Effort thesis, says that initial stimulants to development must possess a critical minimum size in order to achieve sustained growth. He continues that change in the value of a set of variables causes the economic backwardness and it possesses a certain degree of st eadiness. Since the economy is subjected to frequent shocks, the actual value of the variables will always be different from that of equilibrium values. Although these stimulants have the capacity to raise the per capita incomes, it is not possible in economically backward regions due to the weakness of the magnitude of these stimulants. 2 The export-oriented industrialization strategy was introduced as a technique to reframe the underdeveloped economies. The essence of the theory is that large scale production and thereby exports would enhance the economic growth of the country. Hence, developing countries too much depended on the exports of a few primary products in order to bridge the wider gap with advanced economies. Dijck, Linnemann and Verbruggen (3) tells that as a result of this strategy, more and more foreign investors were attracted towards the country so that these developing nations were compelled to arrange all favorable investment situations for the foreigners. It cau sed severe challenges to governments as they faced with huge difficulties in implementing the planned budgets and other policies. In addition, the governments lost huge amounts on possible receipts as a result of unfavorable incentive schemes. Similarly, the export-oriented industrialisation caused curtailment of labor wages and it led to political oppression. This strategy influenced the developing natio

Coaching Role Model Essay Example for Free

Coaching Role Model Essay The coaches today at UCLA where all coached by Sue Enquist and all former UCLA players. Well finding as much information as I could on Sue Enquist I used the Google Search Engine typing search terms such as, UCLA Coach Sue Enquist getting 289,000 results with 10 articles pertaining to my topic. More terms that I used were Sue Enquist Softball with that I got 175,000 results with 7 articles some of them being from the search I used from above. Last search term I used was Sue Enquist Coaching Philospohy with 4, 190 results and 4 helpful articles. Most of the articles came from her own personal website that had some videos of her speaking to young softball players sharing her coaching philosophy along knowledge of the game of softball and what makes a champion along with a successful player/person. There were also things that she have said that are very vital to players and coaches. One that I really like was â€Å"Every Champions road is different, but there is a theme that is woven throughout all of them. My goal is to give you the common tools that all champions possess which enables them to master their level of success. I look forward to the opportunity customize your action plan. † Just be reading this quote you can get an idea of what kind of coach she is and it declares why she was so successful as a coach. There was another Website that I came across where other coaches, former players, and friends that she knew had to say about her. John Wooden was one of them and he had said â€Å"It’s the person she is that impresses me the most†. Her former players basically said that she helped them grow as a player, gave them confidence, and they way she ran a team was a way you run your life always using the reference â€Å"when you’re the real world†. When coming across the article of her coaching philosophy was very interesting and it made a lot of sense. That’s how I would want my coaching philosophy similar to hers. Her coaching philosophy is Prepare for the game , love the game, honor the game. When preparing for the game comes dedication and having leadership training to love the struggle that others avoid or hear. That’s when you truly honor your passion. You love the game, learn to respect it and everything else apart of it. In conclusion, Sue Enquist is an inspirational to other coaches and also to young athletes. All in all her one goal is to guide athletes to be the best that they can be and give their 100 percent in life and in sports. I learned a lot of information and learned new things about what it takes to be a good coach.

Reflexivity Essay -- Renato Resaldo Ethnographer Anthropology Essays

Reflexivity When an ethnographer examines a group of people, she is influenced by her position and understanding of her own culture. Before an ethnographer even begins her research, her opinion is effecting the process of selecting a topic. For instance, Anthropology’s most commonly known researcher Bronslow Malinowsky wrote the Argonauts of the Western Pacific. He did not choose to study a culture similar to his own because of the interest he had in the ‘exotic’. His preferences told him to pick a more remote group of people, the Trobriand Islanders. There has been a history of choosing the opposite of the Anthropologists own culture. Reflexivity is the use of one’s experiences to examine a culture. It is my argument that this reflexivity is necessary in the process of writing Ethnographies. In Renato Resaldo’s introduction chapter to Culture And Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Resaldo comes to grips with his misinterpretation of the â€Å"Grief and a Headhunter’s rage (Resaldo: p.1).† Whist studying the Ilongots of the Philippines, Resaldo examined the use of headhunting as an outlet for rage. However, his true understanding did not come until he had experienced the grief [and subsequent rage] of losing his wife. His use of his wife’s death to understand the Ilongot’s bereavement was imperative to his comprehension of an aspect of their culture. Without the admittance of his misunderstanding, the culture would be misrepresented forever[1]. Anthropologists and Ethnographers have a responsibility to themselves to be truthful, but more importantly they have a responsibility to the cultures they study. By including the tragic death of his wife, Resaldo is able to understand what the ritual of headhunting me... ...t’s photograph. Fortunately, his ability to gather information and organize it [through hours of dictation from his tape recorder] was successful in giving the reader a comprehensive [slightly glamorized] result. Reflexivity, as with any tool, can be overused. The writer must realize that the ethnography is the result of studying a culture and the recording of their culture is the most important aspect of the writing. When a personal experience can bring a better understanding to the reader then it should be used. The establishment of authority is necessary so that the reader can relate to the ethnographer, however too much emphasis on that aspect can give discredit the ethnography. [1] Resaldo had misunderstood the Ilongot’s ritual of headhunting for many years and his new introduction to his book addresses the revelation that came after his wife’s death.

Daisy and Tom Relationship in the Great Gatsby

Throughout the novel, The Great Gatsby, it is apparent that Daisy and Tom had an unstable relationship. Both Daisy and Tom came from affluent backgrounds and the upper class of society. Tom had a large ego and Daisy was in love with having a lavish and extravagant lifestyle. They were both consumed with money and everything that went along with being wealthy and having an upper class position in society. Their whole relationship was based upon money, not true love. Tom came from old money and was extremely wealthy. Daisy married Tom for his money and the lifestyle he was able to provide her with, not because she was truly in love with him.Daisy was an extremely selfish, materialistic and cold hearted person who was consumed by money. Both Tom and Daisy had an affair with another person outside their marriage in the novel. This showed their lack of true love and respect for each other. They were both aware that their spouse was having an affair, however, they both did not seem to care and came back to each other. Tom and Daisy both cared greatly about their image and how other people within their society perceived them. Tom and Daisy very much enjoyed having a high social status and being that wealthy couple that other people admired.This was part of the reason they stayed with each other even though they were not happy. It could have hurt their social status and people would have perceived them differently if they divorced. Tom and Daisy were both consumed with their image in society and how others perceived them. Tom and Daisy's relationship was solely based upon money and social status. Their relationship lacked true love, happiness and respect for one another. Daisy was just an object to Tom and Tom was just a man who could provide Daisy with the lavish and extravagant lifestyle that she was accustomed to.

CIPD Profession Map Essay

Introduction This report is a brief summary of the CIPD Profession Map, the two core professional areas, the specialist areas, the bands and the behaviours. It will be going into more detail in the activities and knowledge specified within the professional area of Performance and Rewards at band 1 level. It will identify the activities and knowledge most essential to my own HR role. The CIPD Profession Map (CIPD, 2013) The professional map is a universal platform for HR professionals, which describes what you need to do, what you need to know and how to do it. It is designed by professionals for professionals. The 10 Professional Areas There are two core professional areas; Insights, Strategy and Solutions and Leading HR, these sit at the centre of the profession and are relevant to all HR professionals in all roles, locations and at all stages of the HR career. These two areas support the direction of the profession as a business discipline. Insights, Strategy and Solutions – Developing an understanding of an organisation and its back-ground in order to style its strategy and solutions and to meet its needs for now and in the future, by reading relevant information and articles to build and broaden an understanding of new initiatives and practices across areas of HR. Leading HR – Act as a role-model to expand the influence HR makes to the organisation both through its own efforts and through supporting, developing and measuring others across the organisation. This can be done by providing advice confidentially based on a sound understanding of the organisations policy and practice. (CIPD, The CIPD Pr ofession Map, pp. 10, 14) The remaining eight professional areas are: Organisational Design – To ensure the organisation is suitably planned to deliver maximum impact in the short and long term. Organisational Development – Identify organisational and individual capability requirements  and support all processes to enhance effectiveness and achieve organisation goals, culture, behaviours and skills Resourcing and Talent Planning – Ensuring the organisation has the right resource, competence, ability and talent to achieve the immediate and strategic goals. Learning and Development – Build individual and organisational capability and knowledge to meet current and strategic requirements. Performance and Reward – Deliver programmes that reward and recognise key employees, in a fair and cost effective manner. Employee Engagement – Strengthen the connection between the organisation and employees so that employees are more fulfilled by their work. Employee Relations – Underpin the organisations culture, practices, policies and relevant law. Service Delivery and Information – Customer focused delivery across the entire employee lifecycle. (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, pp. 17-39) The 4 Bands and Transitions The four bands of professional competence outline the influence that professionals make at every stage of their HR career. The transition challenges relate to moving from one band to another. (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, pp. 6-7) The 8 Behaviours Below are eight behaviours that each HR professional needs to carry out their activities: 1. Curious 2. Decisive Thinker 3. Skilled Influencer 4. Personally Credible 5. Collaborative 6. Driven to Deliver 7. Courage to Challenge 8. Role Model (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, p. 43) The Professional Area of Performance and Reward Performance and rewards is defined as: â€Å"Help create and maintain a high-achieving organisation culture by delivering programmes that reward and recognise key employees capabilities, skills, behaviours, experience and performance, and ensure that reward systems are market-relevant and cost effective† At Band 1 the following activities need to be done: Identify requirements and develop strategy Diversity and compliance Implement pay and reward practice Execute individually tailored and international rewards Communication and performance culture The most essential to my role is Identify Requirements and Develop Strategy, in the last annual appraisals I was tasked with collating the appraisal forms and analysing the data on the forms to provide information to directors as to how employees felt about their future within the organisation and what the organisation could do to further their career progression. The most essential area of my role is: Collate Data Analyse Data After completing the evaluation of My HR Map tool the following areas were identified for development: Become a policy expert Know the organisation by studying the performance and rewards data and familiarise myself with the policies and practices. Keep abreast of relevant employment law Spend time with expatriate employees to understand impact Use my own network to provide feedback. Conclusion This report has briefly summarised the CIPD Profession Map – the 2 core professional areas, 8 specialist professional areas, the 4 bands and 8 behaviours. It has also commented on the activities and knowledge specified within the Performance and Rewards professional area at band 1. Activity 2 How a HR Practitioner should ensure the services they provide are timely and effective: Within my HR role, my three main customers are: 1. Current Employees 2. Future Employees 3. Management Customers Needs Current Employees Information on employment contracts and policies Future Employees Induction – information on company policies Management Guidance and advice on staffing issues Firstly you need to establish what the customer’s requirements are by asking questions and collating the data to understand the customer’s needs. Your service delivery approach should use effective technology and comply with the organisations procedures. It is important to build a customer service culture and measure its effectiveness. Prioritising the needs of each customer can be problematic, as each one can feel their need is greater. For example current employees may need information regarding their benefits such as private medical and future employees may be asking questions on company policies with regard to annual leave before they sign their employment contract, which in turn will mean management will be chasing for this to be resolved as quickly as possible. As an HR professional it would be your job to ascertain which demands were the most urgent, ensuring that customer focus needs are managed in a timely and effective manner. It is important that all customers are kept informed and given realistic expectations of how and when HR can deal with their questions. Effective Communication Below is a table with 3 examples of effective communications to customers: Communication Advantages Disadvantages Telephone Conversation Instant Personal Global Reach Ability to Conference Call Time Zones Unable to Read Body-language Signal Problems No Audit Trail Social Media Instant Large Audience Visual Good for Recruitment Not Confidential Character Size Limit Access Mis-use Post Recorded Personal Confidential Audit Trail Slow Cost Time Consuming Unsure if message has been understood Delivering Service on Time and on Budget For effective service delivery HR needs to prioritise to ensure that any queries are handled in an effective manner according to urgency and what impact it has on the customer and the organisation. To deliver the service  you must ensure you are consistent and that you understand what expectations your customers have. Managing time and current workload is crucial to ensure that the service is delivered on time. An HR practitioner should always be aware of the cost constraints and the organisational financial model supporting service delivery. It is important to have service delivery targets within an organisation, such as a Service Level Agreement, which is an extension of the customer care concept. Dealing with Difficult Customers and Resolving Complaints When dealing with difficult customers it is important to plan your response carefully and to ensure that the following steps are met: Listen to what they are saying – do not interrupt Sympathise / empathise Don’t justify Ask relevant questions Agree a course of action Check the course of action – use their words to clarify If the above is followed, it will make the customer feel valued and promote the HR department for giving excellent customer service. Bibliography CIPD. (2013). www.cipd.co.uk. CIPD. (n.d.). The CIPD Profession Map.

Analytical Essay Sample on Frederick Douglass

Analytical Essay Sample on Frederick Douglass â€Å"Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!† Patrick Henry, although dead before Frederick Douglass was ever born, used his words and poetically described Douglass’ life. Originally known as Frederick Bailey, he was born into slavery but lived to become Frederick Douglass and accomplish an impressive legacy. His childhood was filled with only awful memories of cruelty and inhumanity. When Frederick had learned of the significance of literacy, he educated himself and immediately planned an escape to success. He became one of the most prominent African American of the nineteenth century who represented the black minority as a successful orator, journalist, and anti-slavery leader. As a young man, he deviously escaped slavery and headed north toward freedom, or at least the closest thing to freedom for men of colo r at that time. He spoke to many people in this area, instilling the importance of eradicating human bondage. While living in the New England area, he became a great author, writing many articles for local newspapers and even composing three versions of his autobiography. During this time in his life, Mr. Douglass also campaigned for the elimination of slavery and civil rights for minorities. He became an inspiration to all and held governmental positions as he persistently worked for constitutional rights throughout his entire life. Frederick Douglass’s arduous past led to his successful influence on the abolition of slavery and effort to end racial discrimination. Frederick Douglass was born Frederick Augustus Bailey in Tuckahoe, Maryland (3, 15). He was unaware of his exact age, for he never saw any authentic records containing it (6). Supposedly his birth was around February 1818, but since many of the slaves and other siblings he grew up with had no accurate knowledge of their own age, the fact was left a mystery for his entire life (6). Several slave masters prevented the distribution of slaves’ birth dates and obstructed the ability to visit their parents as an effort to keep them ignorant and stripped from individuality (3, 25). Even if he tried, Frederick would not have been able to visit his father because he had no idea who he was (3, 26). It was known that his father was white and many rumors led Douglass to believe that he was his mother’s master, but nothing was ever certain (3, 26). However, Frederick was fully aware of who his mother was, but, unfortunately they were separated when he was an infant and were only abl e to see each other approximately five times during his childhood (3, 25). Due to this occurrence, Frederick strongly felt that â€Å"slavery made his mother a myth and his father a mystery† (6). Douglass, therefore, lived with his grandmother, Betsey Bailey until he was old enough to work (6). During this time Douglass was raised to believe that he was a special individual and was completely naÐ ¿ve to the fact that he was born a slave. Ms. Bailey repeatedly tried to instill a feeling of self-worth into her grandson by verbally reinforcing his strengths. Frederick Douglass finally reached the age when he could no longer be sheltered from the future that he was destined. At the age of six, Frederick’s grandmother had told him that they were taking a long journey, when in actuality she was bringing him into the world of slavery (8, 1). After many days of traveling westward, they approached an enormous elegant home, the Lloyd Plantation, where several children were playing on the front grounds. Ms. Bailey pointed out three of the children whom were Frederick’s brother and sisters and instructed Douglass to join his siblings (8, 1). Within five minutes of this command, his grandmother was gone along with his freedom; he now belonged to Aaron Anthony (6). At this time, Mr. Anthony was not considered a rich slaveholder, he owned only two or three farms, but still needed the help of an overseer, Mr. Plummer, to manage his plantations (2, 151). Plummer was most notable for his inhumane treatment of Anthony’s slaves (2, 1 51). Douglass recalls being awaked in the middle of the night by the high pitched shrieks of his own aunt, whom Plummer used to tie up to a pole, and whip her naked back until she was literally drenched in her own blood (2, 152). â€Å"No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped the longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; and not until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing the blood-clotted cow skin.†(2, 152) It was at this point Frederick reassessed his position in life and realized he could no longer work under this cruel individual and decided he would do whatever he could to get out of this terrible situation. Douglass used his natural charm and tactfulness, which many people found engaging, to become noticed and stand out from the rest of the slaves. Aaron Anthony’s daughter, Lucretia Auld, was immediately drawn to these unique characteristics and took a liking to Frederick, doing whatever was within her power to protect him (8, 2). In 1826, she informed him that he was being sent to live with her brother-in-law, Hugh Auld, to run errands and care for his infant son, Tommy (2, 168). Frederick enjoyed this easy work and grew to love the young boy (8, 2). Sophia Auld, Tommy’s mother, would frequently read aloud from the Bible and Douglass would often listen, extremely intrigued. One day, when Frederick was about ten-years-old, he asked his mistress to teach him to read and she readily consented (6). Sophia became so excited about how well the young slave was doing, she told her husband what she had done (8, 2). Hugh became enraged. It was prohibited by the state to teach a sla ve to read and felt a slave was considered â€Å"unfit† if he was competent and literate (8, 2). Mr. Auld instructed Sophia to cease the lessons immediately, but this restriction failed to hinder Frederick by any means. It was from this outburst of disapproval from his master that Frederick discovered that learning how to read and write was his pathway to freedom. Douglass adopted a plan to make friends with poor white children he met on errands and use them as teachers (2, 206). He would pay for these â€Å"lessons† with pieces of bread taken from the Auld household (8, 2). This strategy was proved to be successful by its positive results; Mr. Douglass gradually obtained the knowledge to read (2, 208). At the age of twelve, he used the little money he had earned from doing tedious errands and bought a copy of The Columbian Orator (6). This piece of literature contained a collection of speeches and essays dealing with liberty, democracy, and courage (6). Frederick was greatly affected by the speeches on freedom and began reading local newspapers to learn more about abolitionism (8, 2). His dreams of emancipation were encouraged by the example of other blacks in Baltimore, most of who were free (8, 2). However, Douglass’s imaginings were delayed because of new laws passed by southern state legislatures that made it extremely diffi cult for owners to free their slaves (8, 2). Frederick’s dreams of his own freedom and civil rights for all seemed to be put on hold. Nevertheless, Frederick would not let these new regulations impede his primary goal of attaining independence. He began to organize a Sunday religious service for slaves, which met near Saint Michael’s church every week (8, 3). It was at these congregations that blacks were schooled and plans were made for an escape to the North (6). The group planned to steal a boat, row to the northern tip of the Chesapeake Bay and flee on foot to the free state of Pennsylvania (8, 3). Unfortunately, one of Frederick’s associates had exposed the plot and a group of armed white men captured the slaves and put them in jail (8, 3). Douglass was imprisoned for about a week, when surprisingly, Thomas Auld came and released him (6). Auld promised Frederick that if he worked hard, he would be freed when he turned twenty-five, but Douglass knew better than to trust any slaveholder (8, 4). While working for Thomas, Douglass met a group of free sophisticated blacks and became a member of an edu cational association called the East Baltimore Mental Improvement Society (8, 4). It was within this party that Frederick learned his debating skills and met his future wife, Anna Murray (8, 4). After spending so much time with this assembly of free individuals, Douglass’s need for freedom was enhanced. Frederick Douglass needed money to pay for traveling expenses, so he finally made a proposition to Mr. Auld, whom eventually accepted reluctantly. Mr. Douglass was given the privilege of being able to work for extra money during his free time in addition to his obligations to Mr. Auld. Frederick was to take care of his own room and board and pay his master a set amount each week, keeping any extra money for himself (2, 212). Sadly, he forgot to pay Thomas Auld on time and, as a result, Auld was furious and revoked his hiring-out privilege (8, 4). Frederick, enraged, refused to work for a week and during this time he decided that on September 2, 1838, he would be on a train heading to the North (8, 4). A friend gave him â€Å"sailor’s protection†, a document that certified that the person named on it was a free seaman (8, 4). Also, he borrowed money from Anna and bought a ticked to Philadelphia; he was on his way to freedom (8, 4). On September 4, Frederick arrived in Ne w York City and officially left his life of slavery. However, Douglass was not considered completely emancipated by the many slave catchers residing in the North (6). Douglass’s decision to become pro-active and leave Auld was extremely important and served as a colossal turning point in Douglass’s life. â€Å"A new world had opened upon me.† (6) Within this new world, Frederick Bailey became Frederick Douglass (8, 6). He borrowed this name from a character in a book he was reading at the time as an effort to avoid being captured (5). One of the first actions Frederick took with his newfound identity was to subscribe to the Liberator, a newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, a famous outspoken leader of the American Anti- Slavery Society (5). Inspired by Garrison’s paper, Douglass became involved in the abolitionist movement and regularly attended lectures for the AASS (5). He also served as a preacher at the black Zion Methodist Church where Mr. Douglass became involved in a battle against white southerners who forced blacks to move to Africa (8, 6). In 1839, he encountered one of his first experiences as a writer when a collection of his anti-colonization statements was published in the Liberator (8, 6). Although these beginning accomplishments may seem minor, th ey opened the doors to his future greatness. In August 1841, he saw his hero, William Garrison for the first time (8, 7). A few days later, Garrison was attending a speech that Douglass was giving before a small crowd, immediately saw his potential as a speaker and hired him to be an agent for AASS (8, 7). His job entailed talking about his past and selling subscriptions to the Liberator and the Anti-Slavery Standard (8, 7). His first speeches were about his personal encounters with slavery and descriptions of the slave masters’ brutality (5). Pro-slavery propaganda circulated from the South to the North, giving false impressions of what slavery was truly like; Frederick’s experiences were exactly what the people wanted and needed to hear at the time (5). Prior to his recounts of his own life as a slave, many people in the North believed fictitious stories that slaves lived better lives than poor whites and that slaveholders were harassed by mobs led by abolitionists (8, 7). Frederick’s lectures were circul ated throughout Massachusetts and immediately became a success (6). The Herald of Freedom a local newspaper in Concord, Massachusetts declared, â€Å"As a speaker, he has few equals.† (8, 7) After a few months of his local lectures, he became so popular that he was in demand to spread his words throughout the entire New England area. Traveling throughout the northern region made Frederick Douglass evolve as a speaker as well as a writer. In 1842 he was asked to continue his work and voyage throughout Massachusetts and New York with William Lloyd Garrison in addition to other prominent speakers (8, 8). A year later, Douglass decided to participate in the Hundred Conventions project, the AASS six-month lecture tour of speakers traveling to meeting halls throughout the west (8, 8). Although Frederick enjoyed this work thoroughly, he found it very demanding and time consuming. He was forced to live in poor segregated accommodations while traveling and was roughly handled when he refused to sit in the â€Å"Negro† sections of trains and steamships (8, 8). In addition, many of the meetings in the western states were often disrupted by pro-slavery mobs (6). While on tour, Frederick Douglass had reached opposition from many abolitionists who thought his ability as an orator was growing too fast and audiences were no longer sympathetic towards him (8, 8). They felt he should keep talking about his life as a slave rather than the goals of the anti-slavery movement (5). Douglass refused and much of his audience began to believe that his stories were false (5). The Liberator even printed â€Å"How a man, only six years out of bondage and who had never gone to school could speak with such eloquence- with such precision of language and power of thought- they were utterly at a loss to devise.† Despite these hardships, Douglass continued his writing and was sure he found his purpose in life; he was to make everyone aware of the importance of equality and an individual’s civil rights. It was all the animosity towards Frederick Douglass that motivated him to ignore what people thought and persevere with what he felt was right. With this thought in mind, Douglass spent the winter of 1844 to 1845 writing and publishing his life story (6). Despite the risk, he took the chances of using actual names of people and places connected with his years in slavery (8, 8). Wendell Philips, friend and fellow abolitionist leader, suggested that Frederick dispose of the manuscript and warned him that people from the past would attempt to return him to a life of bondage (8, 8). However, Frederick was determined to have his stories printed, despite the possibility of slave catchers pursuing; the world needed to hear his story (8, 8). By May 1845, over 5,000 copies of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave were sold (6). The book immediately became a best seller due to its moral force; it was the story of a man’s dignity, courage, independence, and p ath self-discovery. Despite his instantaneous fame, federal laws still gave Thomas Auld the right to seize his property- Frederick Bailey (8, 8). To protect his freedom, Douglass rightly felt the need to leave the United States for some time. During the summer of 1845, Douglass decided to fulfill a dream he had long held, to travel throughout England (5). Even though he was forced to stay in the steerage, second-class, during his trip overseas he was extremely excited to finally go to Britain (8, 9). While on board, he had made many friends and was even asked by the captain to give lectures on slavery (8, 9). When he finally reached Europe, Frederick felt free from prejudice. He was treated as a man, as opposed to a second-class citizen, and was welcomed into homes, hotels, and restaurants (8, 9). Fleeing America during this time not only saved him from slave catchers, the expedition also gave him the opportunity to speak to English audiences and gain their support for the American anti-slavery movement. Douglass wrote Garrison to inform him how he had encountered such little racial prejudices among the British and invited Lloyd to join him in the beautiful nation (8, 9). Garrison accepted and the two men traveled around England as a powerful team of anti-slavery lecturers (5). Both became involved in campaigns against the discrimination of minorities and promoted constitutional rights (8, 9). In August of 1846, Douglass gave the most controversial speech of his career at the World Temperance Convention held in London (1, 65). Within this oration, he attacked the American temperance movement because it failed to criticize slave owners who used alcohol to pacify their workers and because temperance activists were hostile to free blacks (1, 65). Douglass was tremendously satisfied with the outcome of his trip to England and was soon ready to go home. Even though he was ready return to America, recapture still remained a possibility for him if and when he came back. Fortunately, this problem was resolved when unknowingly; two English friends raised enough money to buy his freedom (6). $710.96 was sent to the Auld family and on December 5, 1846; Hugh Auld signed the papers that declared Frederick Bailey a free man (5). In the spring of 1847, Douglass returned to America, where his work remained to free his people in bondage. Frederick Douglass had left the United States, a national success as a writer and lecturer, but returned as a sensation worldwide. Alas, upon his homecoming, many abolitionists felt that Hugh Auld’s payment for Douglass’s freedom supported Auld’s right to own him (8, 10). Douglass argued that his freedom was the gift of friends and that he saw Hugh as his kidnapper, not his master. The ransom had been paid; he could now fight the battle against slavery with a free mind (8, 10). His chains were broken and the opportunity to help others was finally in sight. With additional funds raised by his supporters in Britain, Douglass decided to create a new abolitionist newspaper (1, 80). Garrison was opposed to this idea because he felt the people needed Douglass as a lecturer rather than the creator of another anti-slavery newspaper (8, 10). Due to Frederick’s high regard and respect for Garrison, he took this suggestion in consideration and in August 1847, joined Lloyd on a lecture tour throughout the North (8, 10). Sadly, Garrison became seriously ill and Douglass was forced to continue the tour without him. Upon completion of the tour, he continued with his aspirations of creating the abolitionist paper. Frederick decided to publish it in Rochester New York, further west than the home of the Liberator. On December 3, 1847 his weekly newspaper, the North Star was finally born (1, 80). At first, habitants of Rochester were upset to see another anti-slavery paper, but eventually the city took pride in being the home of the North Star. Unfortunately, the glowing reviews were not equal to the money needed for the production of the paper and Douglass had to depend on his own savings and contributions from friends to keep the paper going (5). He was driven back to the world of lecturing in an attempt to raise efficient funds for the North Star. The cash earned continued the publication of the newspaper as a weekly until 1860 and as a monthly for three more years (5). After 1851, the paper was referred to as Frederick Douglass’s Paper and served as a symbol of the potential for blacks to achieve whatever goals they may set for themselves (1, 82). The newspaper changed its focus from promoting the elimination of slavery to highlighting the success by prominent black figures in American society (1, 82). Frederick Douglass’s Paper had a much more significant personal effect on Frederick himself; the paper marked the end of his dependence on Garrison and other white abolitionists. By the end of the 1840’s, Frederick Douglass was well on his way to becoming the most famous and respected black leader in the country. He had proved himself to be an independent thinker and courageous spokesman for black liberty and equality. Douglass tried to establish a black vocational school by asking many famous people for financial aid, but was unsuccessful because he was unable to raise sufficient funds to start the school (1, 97). Rochester, his hometown, contained public schools that would not admit black students and Frederick was forced to send his eldest daughter to a private school, which promoted segregation (1, 97). The separation motivated Douglass to campaign against segregation in Rochester’s school system, and in 1857 his efforts to integrate the schools succeeded (6). Frederick also became an active partisan in the Underground Railroad as the superintendent of the entire system in his area (8, 12). His home became an important station on the railroa d and a shelter to hundreds of fugitives (7, 12). His participation in the school systems and the Underground Railroad led to the involvement in many other events that would not only affect the present, but the entire future of the country. The next major proceedings that would serve as challenges to Douglass and his followers involved the civil war and the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Douglass was a crucial supporter of Abraham Lincoln as he was running, and won, the presidency (3, 110). Lincoln’s inaugural speech however, was somewhat disappointing to Frederick. Contained in the address, the President promised to uphold the fugitive slave laws and not interfere with slavery in the states where it was already established (5). Soon after, the Civil War began. For Douglass and the abolitionists, the war had a different and more significant meaning; it was a battle to end slavery (3, 119). They had the two following major goals in mind: emancipation for all slaves in the Confederacy and the Union Border States, and the right for blacks to enlist in the armies of the North (3, 121). As the war went on, more and more people in the North became influenced by Frederick’s speeches and were able to empathize wit h his point of view. He used his words powerfully until, not only the northerners, but the President as well came to agreement with his goals. On December 31, 1862, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a speech that freed all slaves in areas not held by the Union troops (6). Simultaneously, there were many other changes taking place. During this time in history, the black man was still not allowed to defend himself within the military. Douglass began to instill the importance of belonging to the United States army to blacks and promoted their inclusion among the whites. He had gained the support of enough of the population to make an impact. Finally, in 1863, as a result of Frederick Douglass’s actions, Congress had authorized black enlistment in the Union army (8, 15). Frederick was asked to help recruit black soldiers, including his two sons, into the Massachusetts 54th Regime, the first group ever to contain black militia (6). He immediately agreed and began promoting through speeches and newspaper advertisements (5). Frederick promised equality in the Union army, but this soon proved to be false. Blacks were paid half of what the white soldiers earned, received inferior weapons, inadequate training and were not allowed to become officers (8, 15). When he heard of this maltreatment, Douglass immediately ceased his recruitment efforts, but when Lincoln promised changes, he began again. The war continued, a difficult struggle for both those fighting to unite the United States and those battling to end slavery. Finally, both wars had concluded. On April 9, 1865 the war to abolish slavery in all areas of the United States had been won (8, 16). Yet, Douglass still remained dissatisfied. He argued, â€Å"Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot.† (8, 17) A group of radical Republicans joined with the abolitionists in a campaign for voting rights for black men. Frederick did not have the support of president Johnson; instead, the two had opposing views. Johnson intended to support the interest of southern whites and block voting rights for blacks while Douglass felt need for changes in the southern state governments (8, 17). Both leaders took their cases to the American people and Douglass won (8, 17). The result of his long fought battle was the adoption of the fifteenth Amendment, which guaranteed all citizens the right to vote, regardless of their race (5). Instantaneously, the role of the black citizen became a pivoting force throughout the nation. Taking advantage of the new opportunities offered to them, a large number of blacks were elected to the state legislatures and won seats in Congress between 1868 and 1870 (8, 18). Frederick Douglass was also given a high political position as US Marshall in the District of Columbia (5). Everyone appreciated his work, up until his death on February 20, 1895 (6). His bereavement saddened the world; all black public schools closed for the day and parents took their children for a last look at the famed leader (8, 19). His life was spent battling the prejudice he, along with all other minorities, faced because of skin color, sex, or heritage. Although one would like to think Frederick Douglass’s many efforts ended discrimination, this is not the case. The Ku Klux Klan is a perfect example of how bigotry still exists today. The KKK is a secret terrorist organization that originated in the southern states during the period of Reconstruction following the American Civil War (7, 1). The group uses violence and intimidation to keep blacks segregated and to prevent them from voting and holding office (7, 1). The assembly believes in the innate inferiority of blacks and therefore mistrusted and resented the rise of former slaves to a status of civil equality and often to positions of political power (7, 1). Neo-nazism is another bias group that is present in today’s society. The main purpose of this group is to promote the idea of racial superiority by distributing propaganda and seeking support for their cause (4, 1). As minorities start to come in to their own, the amount of paranoia grows regarding the idea that the position of the white person is threatened (4, 1). White Supremacist organizations are found in the United States as well as abroad. Although racism still existed after Frederick Douglass’s death, he was extremely successful in giving blacks more freedom in America than they had ever possessed. Frederick Douglass’s beliefs have had a profound impact on the history, as well as the present, civil liberties for all. He promoted of the addition of the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Within these ratifications, slavery was abolished and blacks were given the right to vote and the opportunity to enlist in the army. Frederick’s speeches gave hope and faith to many blacks not only within the country, but worldwide. He served as a prime example of an individual who climbed the social ladder from the very bottom, to the peak. Through his words and actions, he was able to influence future leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Jesse Jackson, and Booker T. Washington, to fight for equality. Most importantly, Frederick Douglass made the black population worth more than just three fifths of a person. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Frederick Douglass from our professional custom essay writing service which provides high-quality custom written papers at an affordable cost.

What Reverse Osmosis Is and How It Works

What Reverse Osmosis Is and How It Works Reverse osmosis or RO is a filtration method that is used to remove ions and molecules from a solution by applying pressure to the solution on one side of a semipermeable or selective membrane. Large molecules (solute) cant cross the membrane, so they remain on one side. Water (solvent) can cross the membrane. The result is that solute molecules become more concentrated on one side of the membrane, while the opposite side becomes more dilute. How Reverse Osmosis Works In order to understand reverse osmosis, it helps to first understand how mass is transported via diffusion and regular osmosis.  Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane allows the passage of water, but notions (e.g., Na, Ca2, Cl-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, bacteria). Diffusion and osmosis are thermodynamically favorable and will continue until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis can be slowed, stopped, or even reversed if sufficient pressure is applied to the membrane from the concentrated side of the membrane. Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules through the membrane to the freshwater side. There are different pore sizes of membranes used for reverse osmosis. While a small pore size does a better job of filtration, it takes longer to move water. Its sort of like trying to pour water through a strainer (large holes or pores) compared to trying to pour it through a paper towel (smaller holes). However, reverse osmosis is different from simple membrane filtration because it involves diffusion and is affected by flow rate and pressure. Uses of Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater. Reverse osmosis not only reduces salt, but can also filter out metals, organic contaminants, and pathogens. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity. For example, reverse osmosis can be used to purify ethanol or grain alcohol to increase its proof. History of Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is not a new purification technique. The first examples of osmosis through semipermeable membranes was described by Jean-Antoine Nollet in 1748. While the process was known in laboratories, it wasnt used for desalination of seawater until 1950 at the University of California in Los Angeles. Multiple researchers refined methods of using reverse osmosis to purify water, but the process was so slow that it wasnt practical on a commercial scale. New polymers allowed for the production of more efficient membranes. By the beginning of the 21st century, desalination plants became capable of desalinating water at the rate of 15 million gallons per day, with around 15,000 plants in operation or planned.

4 Inspirational Stories from the Hood to Make You Stop Feeling Sorry for Yourself!

4 Inspirational Stories from the Hood to Make You Stop Feeling Sorry for Yourself! Last summer, I made a promise at the end of a blog about participating in College Summit, a program that prepares inner city high school students to attend college: I announced I would return to the program in 2015. And I kept my promise! From July 23-26, 2015, I worked with four student leaders to find their unique stories and put them down on paper. I was inspired by all of them in different ways, and I’d like to share their stories with you. As you read about these young leaders, consider the things that stop you in your life. My four students each encountered situations that could have brought them down, but they did not give up on themselves or their dreams. Here are their stories (complete with typos and grammatical anomalies). Their names have been changed for purposes of this article. Benita Benita, in an initial writing exercise, referred to a â€Å"family situation† but did not say what it was. We told her we wanted to know more, and she said she didn’t write more about it because she would cry. I told her it was okay and welcome if she cried. In the next exercise, she revealed, tears streaming down her face, that her dad was arrested in front of her eyes when she was 12 years old, and then was quickly deported. He had been trying to do what he could to put food on the table. After her dad’s departure, Benita quit playing soccer; she and her two siblings quit school; and her mother quit eating for seven months. But the family ultimately was able to turn their lives around. Benita rejoined the soccer team; all the kids went back to school; and her mother opened a dance studio. Benita’s dream: to become a history teacher in the neighborhood where she grew up. How remarkable that this young woman wants to give back in the setting that holds so many painful memories. She is creating new and more positive ones. My dad would take us to Disneyland once a month or even once every week. Our family was very cheerful and probably the happiest people anyone knew. When we would be home or somewhere else we didn’t really have enough food for us to eat. But that didn’t matter to us, all we cared about was being so happy and energetic family. Jorge Jorge’s brother Paul was the first in their family to graduate high school and to go to college. He was Jorge’s idol. When Paul dropped out of college, Jorge began to doubt whether he himself had what it took to make it through college. He spoke about how he started to give up on himself, but he said it looks likely that he will graduate this year. What he didn’t mention (and what I found out from one of the college coaches at the program) was that he has a 3.8 GPA and super high SAT math scores for someone from his background. Jorge is passionate about computer science and he has started to regain confidence in himself. I see every reason why he is going to be the first in his family to graduate from college. First period I had a computer science class in which we created our own website, our own game, our own graphics and pictures, and a program for a small robot made out of Legos. Most people thought that this class was boring and pointless, but I honestly thought that this was one of the most fun classes. I wish that I had a computer with all the programs at home to finish it or continue onto something else on my own. Jennifer A fireball from the moment we started working together, Jennifer never shied away from the task at hand. This girl from the ghetto is tired of walking by drug addicts every day. She wants more for herself and for her friends and family. Daring to be different from her neighbors, she has excelled in music and theater wants to be an obstetrician. She’s the one who bandages up the bleeding when her family gets scraped up. And I’ve never heard someone so excited while talking about mitosis! Jennifer is unafraid of the 13 years of schooling she will undergo to reach her dream. Being happy with what I do is an awesome feeling but knowing that it could take me places I could never imagine is even better. I am Jennifer Johnson. I’m from the ghetto. And despite all the negative things that are happening around me I did the things that made me the happiest, and became somebody. Sandra I wouldn’t have guessed that this tiny quiet girl, who at first was reluctant to talk and told us all she had nothing to write about, was captain of her school’s 4-time winning cheer team. Her story of how she got there was inspiring, and even more inspiring was watching her unfold into a true writer. I compete to fight to the top, although there is no path there. I like taking a step forward knowing I can trip. My shoes aren’t always tied, and there will always be cracks and bumps on the floor, but I will tie my shoes, and nothing will stop me from taking another step forward and wanting to run. If you let your untied shoes, your role model’s downfall, your background, or a family crisis stop you from playing full out for your goals, I hope the spirit of Benita, Jorge, Jennifer and Sandra inspires you to keep reaching, fighting, and celebrating.

Research paper about technological developments and adolescents Essay

Research paper about technological developments and adolescents gambling - Essay Example In United States and other parts, gambling is on the rise due to activities of gambling and increased acceptability of the routine. This has been due to the promotion of the available government lotteries, media exposure of poker tournaments, and accessibility of internet gambling. This is a significant change from what was there in the past years. However, problems exist in analyzing gambling in adolescents. Even after this weakness, it is necessary to consider gambling behavior in this growth phase due to the prevalence of risk taking behavior in this cohort. This will help in analyzing the extent to which the young gamble, influence of gambling on development, and other social aspects. Additionally, this will help with prevention and intervention strategies at a certain amount of gambling in adolescents. According to Wilber and Potenza (1), gambling is placing something of value at risk anticipating that one will gain something worthy. In adolescents, mostly gambling involves thin gs as flipping cards that eventually translates into problematic areas like sneaking to gamble in casinos. Recent studies have indicated that there are increased rates of gambling by the adolescents (Wilber and Potenza 1). In fact, a review conducted in United States and Canada indicates both a high level of adolescent is involved in gambling activities and increased rate of participation in the last one decade. For example in the united states between 1989 and 2002, the rate of gambling had increased to 65 % as compared to the past when it was hardly at 45% (DF, 24). In Canada, the rate of underage gambling is on the rise. There are key areas that adolescents engage in gambling. The critical areas include government promoted lottery, cards, dice, board games, sports betting, and games requiring skills. However, the actual rate of gambling depends on regions. Factors that affect the rate of participation include accessibility of gambling opportunities like the internet, types of gam bling available to adolescents and the general population (Wilber and Potenza 1). However, in comparisons to adults, adolescent’s gamblers agree to gamble with less money and less often as adults. This is primarily due to money constrains and lack of gambling opportunities. Moreover, they are most likely to engage in strategic gambling such as card games instead of nonstrategic gambling such as use machines (Wilber and Potenza 1). This is probably due to the diminished legal access to casinos and lotteries. Age sometimes limits adolescent’s participation, but it is less likely to eliminate the behavior. There exist challenges in studying gambling behaviors among the youths. This is because the study involves modification of the problem gambling criteria used to describe the behaviors in adults. The definition of problems in adolescents is likely to involve consideration of differences in the adolescent’s roles and responsibilities. However, the rate of adolescen ts gambling is yet to be established in concrete ways due to lack of consensus around definitions of adolescents involvements. The gambling problems include behavior that interfere with individual and have a negative outcome on their life (Wilber and Potenza 1). Statistics shows that the rate of gambling is high in males as compared to females and the gambling proble

Alexander the Great Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alexander the Great - Essay Example His father Philip too was a great and courageous ruler. Some historians say that their relationship was volatile, while others argue that they hated one another. Alexander and his younger sister Cleopatra, had a difficult time, owing to the mutual dislike of their parents, perhaps due to the practice of the king taking lesser wives. With Alexander supporting his much-loved mother, father must have found it difficult to control his exceptionally brave son. Story goes that Olimpias had informed Philip that Alexander was not his son. This cannot be believed, because Olimpias was too shrewd to put her beloved son's chances into jeopardy. Philip gave acute attention to the son's education and needs and when the Prince was 16, Philip made him the Regent while going away for his campaigns. As Regent of Macedon, the young Prince subdued the rebellions and established the city of Alexandropolis, before becoming a general in the army. When Philip was injured by rioting soldiers, Alexander shielded and saved his life, a fact that Philip was supposed to have ignored earning the wrath of his son, who was, not unnaturally for his teenage was prone to temper tantrums and sulking. The famous incident of father and son at each other's throat after Philip's taking yet another new bride, and her brother's calling Alexander a bastard, perhaps never took place. There are no historical evidences for such an incident. Instead, Philip seems to have been ple ased with the unnatural strength and wisdom of his brilliantly handsome son and asked him (he tamed the famous horse Bucephala, when he was only 12), to 'seek out a kingdom worthy of thyself!' From all authentic sources Philip seems to have admired the son's great qualities. But the shadow of the mother was frequently between the father and the son. Alexander was intensely fond of his mother, which must have distanced the father who resented such closeness that had shut him out. There is also another account of Philip preferring his retarded son, Arridaeus, to Alexander. Then again, this story looks improbable, knowing Philip's character and his admiration for heroism, stunning looks and ability, all of which were available in Alexander. Philip would have never risked leaving his throne to Arridaeus, knowing fully well that the retarded Prince was incapable of keeping it without his brave brother's support and if that is the fact, what was the point in cutting out Alexander, who could usurp any moment he chose But going through all evidences, there definitely exists certain evidence that Olimpias was exiled for a while. Perhaps, the devoted young son chose to accompany the mother, because evidence lacks to prove that he too was exiled. Philip was no fool to send away the Prince, whom he has recognised as a general of exemplary qualities. Later the quarrel

Westcan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Westcan - Research Paper Example This may help manager to identify areas deficiency among them for further training (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 2010). Additionally, managers should be asked to give out their opinion concerning the kind of training they would like to have in order to ensure training administered to them is relevant and effective (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 2010). Also, it is also very vital to seat down with managers and identify areas of deficiencies among them (Author, 2012). This can help managers to design an effective training package (Bramley & Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development, 2003). In above connection, questionnaires should be designed, piloted and administered to managers to gather information on what should be done in order to have effective meetings (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 2010).Research indicates that, managers understand the elements of an effective meeting but they don’t practice what they were taught (Author, 2012).Therefore, managers should be encouraged to put the theory they learnt into practice so that they can become effective and efficient (Bramley & Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development, 2003). Conclusively, the identified needs for training should be evaluated by determining the extent at which the training needs have been implemented (Bramley & Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development, 2003). Bramley, P., & Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2003). evaluating training: [from personal insight to organizational performance]. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and

World Culture Music - Dangdut (Music of Indonesia) Research Paper

World Culture Music - Dangdut (Music of Indonesia) - Research Paper Example Some forms of music are common and recognized everywhere in the world. Examples are music from The Beatles, Michael Jackson, Luciano Pavarotti and, more currently, PSY, Justin Beiber or Beyonce. On the other hand, there are some types of music which are associated with a certain country. Dangdut, for instance, is specifically Indonesian. The term dangdut, pronounced as ‘dang – doot’, comes from how the Javanese people in Indonesia called the sound coming from the tabla drum. The drums come in pairs, one big and one small, and varying pitch. The smaller drum can be set to a specific tone range while the big one has a bass tone. (Courtney) Dangdut is only one of the many genres one can find in Indonesian music. In colonial times, people in the country employed Indonesian, Arabian and Dutch musical instruments to create a unique blend of beat. During those times, Indonesian music, especially the instruments used, was influenced by its visitors from other countries. E ventually, the native sounds combined with Malay modern music and Malay orchestras started to be popular. Melayu music or the music from Malay orchestras was a mixture of Indonesian, Middle Eastern, Indian and Western music. (1 Gorlinski) Melayu music employed a variety of instruments dependent on the group playing. The most commonly used were the flutes, tambourine-style frame drums (tabla), violins and assorted plucked lutes. Later on, artists incorporated music from Indian films, Bollywood specifically, adding a touch of modernism to the beat. Instruments such as electric guitars, electric organs, trumpets, saxophones, oboes and percussions were added. The combined sounds of the various musical influences created a beat that became recognized as Indonesian. Melayu music was for the lower class, played while slaves entertained their masters. (Arsip) It had coarse lyrics and sexually suggestive dancing. It was eventually adapted to appeal to the middle and upper class by Rhoma Iram a. He made the lyrics â€Å"safe† for the society. (Walsh) In the late 1960’s the band OM Soneta and its singer Rhoma Irama started playing around with melayu music. Irama wanted a new and distinct sound. He added a touch of Western rock music to the existing euphony of melayu music and called it dangdut to break away from the traditional melayu sound. (Gorlonski) Singing with Elvy Sukaesih in his band, Irama made dangdut very popular because of its throbbing beat and lyrics. His song Terajana is one of the most-renowned dangdut song that introduced the name ‘dangdut’ in Indonesia’s music scene. A. Rafiq, another dangdut artist, made the people love the new genre in the 1970’s. A. Rafiq was Indonesia’s own Elvis Presley, complete with the hip-gyrating movements. These three artists started the dangdut pop culture. In converting the traditional dangdut sound into a more contemporary music, Irama added electric guitars, synthesizers, dru ms, a flute or a mandolin. The Indian tabla was a main stay instrument, providing any song with that distinct Indonesian sound. Although dangdut was a welcome addition to the diverse music of Indonesia, it has presented a moral issue for the predominantly Muslim society because of its suggestive lyrics and dance moves. Already, several songs have been banned from being played because of its vulgar lyrics. (Vaswani) One singer in particular has been the object of the criticism from conservative dangdut artists and supporters. The musician, the group says, has taken dangdut to a level that is erotic and corruptive the youth. (Vaswani) Her song Jupe Paling Suka 69 translated in English reads Jupe Likes 69 Best. The song contains â€Å"lustful sighs and†¦lyrics which portray intimate relations and the singer’

Business Ethics and SRI Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics and SRI - Literature review Example This emerging phenomenon is known as Socially Responsible Investment (Hicks,2003; Schueth, 2003) Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), also known as ethical investment, is an investment discipline that in addition to the risk and returns issues in investment, takes into account social or environmental issues. The difference between SRI and conventional investment is the employment of specific investment strategies. The purpose of such strategies is to select or exclude certain assets from investment portfolio. (Renneboog et al., 2008,p. 1723). It simply means that conventional investment strategies are considered natural—having financial return on investment at the core. However, SRI strategies are either socially sensitive or socially dictating(Hicks,2003; Schueth, 2003) SRI has three major distinctive techniques, which may overlap or follow one another. These are screening, activism, and cause-based investment( Spark and Cowton,2004; Vivers, 2007) . Further, SRI may be carr ied out at individual as well as institutional level. Individuals normally develop mutual funds whereas institutions execute it through charitable foundations and pension funds. Since its modern emergence, SRI, its strategies, its terminology and its definition have been under strong debates ( Spark and Cowton,2004; Schueth, 2003 Hicks,2003). ... At the end of this review , I shall present the growing importance of SRI at international level. 2. Definition and basic terminology 2.1. Business Ethics In current literature of business ethics, there are two major streams. One expects that business shall not be immoral enterprise and the second that consider the morality and self-interest at certain point sometime are opposite. ( Hicks,2003). The first group assume that business is amoral whereas second argue that if it is amoral it is immoral ( Hicks,2003).In current stream of business ethics literature second group is becoming dominant and either calls for the practice of personal values or even urges the investors to play an active role for the implementation of those values into the businesses.( Hicks,2003; Schueth, 2003, Vivers, 2007). 2.2. SRI and Other Terms There are various terms representing the concepts of business ethics. For instance, "Socially Responsible Investing" , "social investing," "socially aware investing," " ethical investing," "mission-based investing," and "double-bottom line investing.". These terms has been used interchangeably in literature (Pan and Mardfin ,2001; Schueth, 2003;Spark and Cowton,2004). However the two most common terms are â€Å"ethical investing† and â€Å"Socially Responsible Investment† (Spark and Cowton,2004, p 46). Term â€Å"ethical investment† is relatively older one and it reflects the fact that the movement was initially religiously motivated and churches played a vital role in the development of earliest ethical funds in UK, USA and Australia(Schueth, 2003; Spark and Cowton,2004). Later on, the term has gradually been replaced by Socially Responsible Investment (SRI). Many people have reservation on the use of

World Culture Music - Dangdut (Music of Indonesia) Research Paper

World Culture Music - Dangdut (Music of Indonesia) - Research Paper Example Some forms of music are common and recognized everywhere in the world. Examples are music from The Beatles, Michael Jackson, Luciano Pavarotti and, more currently, PSY, Justin Beiber or Beyonce. On the other hand, there are some types of music which are associated with a certain country. Dangdut, for instance, is specifically Indonesian. The term dangdut, pronounced as ‘dang – doot’, comes from how the Javanese people in Indonesia called the sound coming from the tabla drum. The drums come in pairs, one big and one small, and varying pitch. The smaller drum can be set to a specific tone range while the big one has a bass tone. (Courtney) Dangdut is only one of the many genres one can find in Indonesian music. In colonial times, people in the country employed Indonesian, Arabian and Dutch musical instruments to create a unique blend of beat. During those times, Indonesian music, especially the instruments used, was influenced by its visitors from other countries. E ventually, the native sounds combined with Malay modern music and Malay orchestras started to be popular. Melayu music or the music from Malay orchestras was a mixture of Indonesian, Middle Eastern, Indian and Western music. (1 Gorlinski) Melayu music employed a variety of instruments dependent on the group playing. The most commonly used were the flutes, tambourine-style frame drums (tabla), violins and assorted plucked lutes. Later on, artists incorporated music from Indian films, Bollywood specifically, adding a touch of modernism to the beat. Instruments such as electric guitars, electric organs, trumpets, saxophones, oboes and percussions were added. The combined sounds of the various musical influences created a beat that became recognized as Indonesian. Melayu music was for the lower class, played while slaves entertained their masters. (Arsip) It had coarse lyrics and sexually suggestive dancing. It was eventually adapted to appeal to the middle and upper class by Rhoma Iram a. He made the lyrics â€Å"safe† for the society. (Walsh) In the late 1960’s the band OM Soneta and its singer Rhoma Irama started playing around with melayu music. Irama wanted a new and distinct sound. He added a touch of Western rock music to the existing euphony of melayu music and called it dangdut to break away from the traditional melayu sound. (Gorlonski) Singing with Elvy Sukaesih in his band, Irama made dangdut very popular because of its throbbing beat and lyrics. His song Terajana is one of the most-renowned dangdut song that introduced the name ‘dangdut’ in Indonesia’s music scene. A. Rafiq, another dangdut artist, made the people love the new genre in the 1970’s. A. Rafiq was Indonesia’s own Elvis Presley, complete with the hip-gyrating movements. These three artists started the dangdut pop culture. In converting the traditional dangdut sound into a more contemporary music, Irama added electric guitars, synthesizers, dru ms, a flute or a mandolin. The Indian tabla was a main stay instrument, providing any song with that distinct Indonesian sound. Although dangdut was a welcome addition to the diverse music of Indonesia, it has presented a moral issue for the predominantly Muslim society because of its suggestive lyrics and dance moves. Already, several songs have been banned from being played because of its vulgar lyrics. (Vaswani) One singer in particular has been the object of the criticism from conservative dangdut artists and supporters. The musician, the group says, has taken dangdut to a level that is erotic and corruptive the youth. (Vaswani) Her song Jupe Paling Suka 69 translated in English reads Jupe Likes 69 Best. The song contains â€Å"lustful sighs and†¦lyrics which portray intimate relations and the singer’

Edward Said article-- States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edward Said article-- States - Essay Example It is very difficult to ascertain one’s identity and most people attach it to their ancestors and their homeland. Said on the other hand, left Palestine as a young child without having developed a rational sense of thinking and scientific temper and thus finds it tough to form a connection with Palestine in the present day – something that has been consistently talked about in his article. An identity crisis takes place when an individual becomes unsure of the role that he has to play in his life; many a time this may be attributed to travelling during one’s fledgling years and or not knowing the family to which one may be affiliated to. Erik Erikson, the theorist that coined the very term, has linked this crisis to the childhood of an individual. In the present case, the same can be understood by reading about Said’s departure from Palestine when he was a young boy. (Cherry, K) He studied abroad and developed American ideals as he grew older. The images and impressions that he has of Arabs and Muslims residing in Palestine are very different from the reality situation and this puts him in a tough spot when he begins to talk about his childhood. He has no memories of the country to reminisce and he feels inadequate in this regard. He has tried very excellently to explain the mechanism of Arabs and Muslims in the current scenario however finds that he can only do so with the help of Western ideals and imagery. He feels betrayed by his own ideas of a melting pot. (Visual Memoir: Edward Saids "States") Another issue that has been touched upon greatly is the idea of race and ethnicity. America today contains a hybrid mixture of people belonging to various cultures and ethnic groups as opposed to places like Palestine where it is difficult for even a single group of people to survive. One’s race and ethnicity also

Psychology and Teaching Assistant Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Teaching Assistant Essay 1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role. The teaching assistant role includes working under the guidance of the teacher, supporting teaching and learning in the school nursery through group activities. I am able to devise learning activity plans also and also spontaneous learning activities which occur through play and other immediate learning activities. The learning assistant role also includes administration, wall displays, food preparation, leading activities with smaller and larger groups, and also individual work. Listening and talking with the children and offering support in social and emotional development as well as curriculum activity development. It is necessary to promote positive behaviours and deal with any negative behaviour in a professional manner. It is also necessary to promote equal opportunities, diversity and inclusion. It is necessary to build professional relationships with the children and also with other work colleagues. Assessment on a formative or summative basis is also part of the role. The teaching assistant role also includes effective safeguarding, and health and safety of the children and also the learning environment all contributes to a happy place, that is a safe and healthy place to learn within. 1.2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. There is a list of standards for school support staff depending on the role. The National Occupational Standards for Teaching Assistants offers guidance of competent performance. Some schools ask teaching assistants to complete the National Association of Professional Teaching Assistants. There are also local and national guidelines for codes of practice. 2.1 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided. Reflective practice is actually reflective learning and then putting this learning into future practice. It is essential to reflect over activities and other things that have happened and work out if they worked out well, or did not work out well. Why? And what can be improved. It is a continual thinking process to strive for improvements. It is important to self-assess and assess situations by reflecting on them and then putting ideas/plans forward to progress from that event. It is good to  be able to discuss thoughts and ideas with colleagues to then identify areas of strengths and those that need further development. Reflective practice includes reflecting on own role when supporting children learning. It also includes managing children’s behaviour and planning and assessing and also feedback. Reflective practice also includes working with colleagues and other adults and professional development. 2.3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice. If the teaching assistant is a religious person, then there may be personal conflict with been expected to take part or support learners in other religions activities. If the teaching assistant has no religion, then it is likely to be easi er to support learning activities and personally be rather passive about the belief part of the religion, and just concentrate on the knowledge part of the religion. Own beliefs, and values and experiences shape the way a person is and so facing and taking part in activities about other beliefs, values and experiences can enhance learning and understanding depending on how flexible in thought and attitude the individual actually is. A person who is less flexible in thought and attitude may find that the taking part in activities of other beliefs, values and experiences can be a very challenging experience. 3.1 Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. It is essential to reflect on learning activities that you have taken part in with the children and then compare with the national occupation of standards to see if you meet what is required. By working through and addressing areas of performance a person can begin to improve their practice. There are 69 units of the National Occupational Standards. These describe the skills and knowledge that teaching assistants need to do their job effectively. Teaching assistants and other support staff roles do not need to cover all 69, they just need to cover the ones which relate to their work environment. (see table attached regarding the relevant standards and my evaluation of own performance and understanding) 3.2 Explain how you would demonstrate use of feedback to evaluate own performance and inform development. Consider the feedback fully and then reflect on own performance to see if you can accommodate the feedback to make effective improvements to own performance to then be able to put this into further practice. Constructive feedback is best to work from and can aid professional development as well as additional training  opportunities. The assessment forms from tutor observed sessions in the workplace can highlight strengths and also areas that need some improvement. 4.1 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development. Sources of support can come from other work colleagues, teaching assistants and teaching staff and also tutors if on further college courses. The planning and reviewing cycle is not unlike that of the planning and assessment cycle which a teaching assistant is part of in the working environment. There are also online materials and also books which can be used to aid learning in order to develop planning and reviewing abilities. The school system for employees would be to use formal and informal support and appraisal meetings with senior management. College staff for those on college courses can also be part of this support system. Inset/training days for staff are a way of gaining support for planning as information is pooled and new ideas and methods are put into operation. Da ta may be logged in a milestones format for reflection and further development. 4.2 Explain how you would demonstrate how to work with others to review and prioritise own learning needs, professional interests and development opportunities. The school appraisal system for employees is a way of assisting staff to consider their own professional performance on a frequent basis. This process needs to be a positive and non-threatening one to be at its most effective. A line manager may do this process for a general teaching assistant, whereas the schools SENCO is likely to do this for a teaching assistant with one to one supportive roles for a child or children with SEN. 4.3 Explain how you would demonstrate how to work with others to agree own personal development plan. A personal development plan is a plan to improve professional practice. The appraisal system and other formal and also informal feedback on a person’s professional development all contribute along with own reflective assessments of actual working experience. There will be opportunity for training in the working environment and also external training events which can be added into the personal development plan. The initial in employment training is the induction course for teaching assistants and also opportunities for other training to take place. These will cover areas such as behaviour management, SEN, and also supporting numeracy and literacy, and learning intervention schemes such as extra literacy and extra numeracy support training to be able to implement  these programmes effectively with children who need extra support. 5.1 Evaluate how learning activities have affected practice. Practice has been affected by learning activities with extended experience. Using the learning from these experiences it has helped to shape and develop abilities and new experiences have provided opportunity to try out and reflect upon. Observing and working with other colleagues have affected practice in offering ideas previously not thought of, to use and develop into own professional practice. All learning activities have provided opportunity for reflection and then personal development with copying and continuing good practice throughout. Just as the children learn from direct experience and from each other and build/scaffold on these experiences, teaching assistants also follow the same process. 5.2 Explain how reflective practice has led to improved ways of working. Reflective practice is the key to effective learning. Reflective learning is a powerful tool and can be gained from self-reflection and including feedback from others to reflect upon. It is personal assessment and this can be used to find out what went well and what needs working on. Work colleagues and training can also aid learning as we learn from each other. Observation of other more experienced staff such as other teaching assistants and the teachers can offer food for thought, and then the person can try out these newly observed methods observed to improve ways of working with learners across the school years. Reflection on good practice has led to personal development in this role by developing new ideas based on the good practice already experienced. 5.3 Show how to record progress in relation to personal development (see enclosed CV) It is a good idea to have an achievements file where all the qualifications and other awards and certificates are all placed into the file, in groups and date order. A detailed CV can also include the most essential qualifications as well as other personal information and employment and voluntary experienced logged in chronological order. I update my CV frequently and also adapt it per type of job role that I am applying for and update my achievements file and keep in in good order.

Uses and Effects of Probiotics

Uses and Effects of Probiotics Tabassum Osman Baqtian   Ã‚   Probiotics:    The term probiotics is derived from a Greek word which means for life. (Judith et al., 2008). The WHO definition for probiotics is any live microorganism which wen administered in adequate amounts confers health benefit to the host (Weichselbaum, 2009). The most commonly used microorganisms for probiotics are bacteria (Judith et al., 2008). A number of studies undertaken at various levels showed that bacteria either in their killed state or their products can have anti- inflammatory or anti- infective properties (What is the evidence, 2017). The Lactobacilli are the most extensively studied class of probiotics. The lactic acid bacteria are used as probiotics in many fermentation products. They mainly play a role in enhancing immunity, maintaining the balance of the microbes in the intestine and in preventing the gastrointestinal tract from various infections (Time dependent, 2008). Probiotics can be administered orally as capsules, sachets or as tablets. The orally ingested probiotics survive the acidic conditions of the intestine and reach the human gut where they remain for a short period of time (Probiotics and health; 2009). The mechanism of probiotics is a multifactorial mechanism of action. The conventional method is a simple displacement process. The exogenously administered probiotics increase in number by multiplication. They function by the displacement of the pathogens or unwanted strains of species in the host body ( What is the evidence, 2017). A probiotic must survive the acidic conditions when orally administered to be able to function in the gut environment. Probiotics also need to possess the ability to survive and be viable in the products, during food production and storage. All probiotics which are mostly delivered in a food system, must overcome physical and chemical barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, especially acid and bile stresses, and have antagonistic activity against bacterial pathogens. ( 2014). The effects of probiotics are mostly strain specific and hence the function of probiotics cannot be generalised (Probiotics and health, 2009). A probiotic must fulfil certain safety characteristics to be beneficial to human health. Knowledge on survival of the probiotics within the GI-tract, their translocation and colonization properties, and the fate of probiotic-derived active components is important for the evaluation of possible positive and negative effects of probiotic consumption. The survival of different probiotic strains in different parts of the GI-tract varies: Some strains are rapidly killed in the stomach while others can pass through the whole gut in high numbers (Marteau et al., 1993). The current research in the field of probiotics is in the use of probiotic strains in the treatment of various diseases. The previous research in diseases like diarrhea, constipation, and bloating has shown the efficacy of probiotics in their treatment (What is the evidence, 2017). The major issue in the field of probiotics is quality assurance as the interpretation of data depends mainly on the variability in strain selection, dose, delivery vehicle, and evaluation of viability and efficacy (What is the evidence, 2017). A study showed that direct screening methods with inhibition of acid-sensitive bacteria growth could be an appropriate method for isolation of potential probiotic strains. Various biochemical, physiological, morphological and molecular tests showed that Lactobacillus sp. were dominant in the composition of probiotics as their isolates were resistant to acid and bile salts, they can be used as potentially probiotic bacteria by promoting host-specific health experiments. (2014). References: Judith A Narvhus, Jorgen Lassen, Merete Eggesbo Ragnhild Halvorsen, Siamak P Yazdankhah and Tore Midtvedt; Should long term prophylactic use of probiotics for infants and young children give cause for concern? (2008); Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease; 20: 171-176. Weichselbaum E; Probiotics and health: a review of the evidence (2009); British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin; 34: 340-343. Maria Saarela, Gunnar Mogensen, Rangne Fonden, Jaana Ma ¨tto ¨ and Tiina Mattila-Sandholm; Probiotic bacteria: safety, functional and technological properties (2000); Journal of Biotechnology; 84: 197-215. Hsdgdhdsddssd

Differential Association Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sutherland’s Differential Association Born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska, Edwin H. Sutherland grew up and studied in Ottawa, Kansas, and Grand Island, Nebraska. After receiving his B.A degree from Grand Island College in 1904, he taught Latin, Greek, History, and shorthand for two years at Sioux Falls College in South Dakota. In 1906 he left Sioux Falls College and entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) While attending the University of Chicago he changed his major from history to sociology. Much of his study was influenced by the Chicago approach to the study of crime that emphasized human behavior as determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) With his studies completed he began work at the University of Minnesota from 1926 to 1929 where his reputation as a leading criminologist was enhanced. At this time, his focus became sociology as a scientific enterprise whose goal was the understanding and control of social problems, including crime. (Gaylord, 1988:13) After his time at Minnesota he moved to Indiana University and founded the Bloomington School of Criminology at Indiana University. While at Indiana, he published 3 books, including Twenty Thousand Homeless Men (1936), The Professional Thief (1937), and the third edition of Principles of Criminology (1939). Finally in 1939 he was elected president of the American Sociological Society, and in 1940 was elected president of the Sociological Research Association. Similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory, Differential Association theory was Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology; . These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual's social relationships. By attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals, Differential Association departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective. "He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime. His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of Differential Association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, Differential Associat... ...s Sutherland a pioneer for all criminologists. Works Cited: Akers, Ronald L.. (1996). Is differential association/social learning cultural deviance theory? Criminology. Gaylord, Mark S and John F. Galliher. (1988). The criminology of Edwin Sutherland. Transaction, Inc Jacoby, Joseph E.. (1994). Classics of criminology. Waveland press, Inc. Matseuda, Ross L.. (1988). The current state of differential association theory. Crime and Delinquency (July 1988). Sage Publication Pfohl, Stephen. (1994). Images of deviance and social control. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Skinner, William F. and Anne M. Fream(1997). A social learning theory analysis of computer crime among college student. Journal of research in crime and delinquency. Sage Publication Sutherland, Edwin H.. (1974). Criminology. J.B. Lippincott Company Sutherland, Edwin H.. (1961). White-collar crime. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc Sutherland, Edwin H.. (1937). The professional thief. The university of Chicago. Tittle, Charles R. and Mary Jean Burke(1986). Modeling Sutherland’s theory of differential association: Toward an empirical clarification. Social Forces. Warr, Mark (1993). Parents, Peers, and Delinquency. Social forces.

Homeostatic Imbalances. Hypertension and Diabetes Essay

Hypertension is a common health problem especially among people over age of 60 years. This disease is diagnostic when a patient blood pressure is more than 140 to 159 over 90 to 99. Blood pressure refers to the pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of the Diabetes is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when the body is unable to control or balance the amount of sugar in blood and within bodily tissues. You know that the human body is like a machine, with organ systems that are specialized in certain functions, and interact with each other to allow all vital functions to happen. For the body to stay healthy, it is essential that its internal environment is stable and balanced despite the different changes that can occur inside or outside of the system. The natural and dynamic property of the body to maintain these conditions within certain normal levels is called homeostasis. When this property of balance is disturbed a disease may happen. I would like to explain to you what occurs in your specific case. The normal levels of sugar in blood are between 70 and 110 milligrams of glucose per 100 milliliters of blood , when the levels of glucose begin to fall because the person is working out or have been long time without eating the receptors in the body send a message to the hypothalamus which sends a message to the pancreas, which is the major organ of the endocrine system, so it secretes the hormone glucagon that stimulate the cells to release glucose which control the high levels of sugar in blood. On others hands, when the levers of sugar in blood begin to increase the pancreas releases insulin which stimulate cells to eliminate glucose from the blood. These two responses of the organism to internal changes are part of negative feedback system that allows the body to return to a normal state. In your specific case the feedback system is not able to maintain the homeostatic balance because your body does not produce enough or overproduces the hormone insulin and sometimes glucagon; in addition, the receptor sites within target cells could cause the body to become insensitive to these chemicals. Finally, the malfunction of homeostasis is the cause of the type of diabetes that you are suffering from. But don’t be scared because you are very young and strong. It is important that you know and understand everything about your disease in order to be educated and get your diabetes under control. arteries. When this pressure is over the limits, it is very dangerous and can increase the risk of heart failure, heart attack, stroke,  and kidney failure. For that reasons I would like that you understand what the reason of your problem is. When the heart beats too hard and fast, the levels of blood pressure increase. In normal conditions our body has a complex system of regulation that allows the levels of pressure back to the normal ranks. This system which is known as negative feedback is responsible for achieving balance in our bodies even if external or internal changes occur. When any internal or external factor makes the blood pressure rise, we have specialized cells located in the walls of some blood vessels that are able to detect the problem and send nerve impulses to the brain which sends nerves impulses to the heart and blood vessel that receive the information. As a result, the heart rate decrease, the blood vessels dilate, and the blood pressure goes down. Finally, the body goes back to the balance condition that is called homeostasis. In your case this natural process does not occur and for that reason you are suffering from hypertension.

Nuclear Technology and Countries of the Persian Gulf Essay

Nuclear energy has been used widely only for thirty years . In sixtieth it was an exotic source of power, researched by scientists, and widely discussed in press. Nowadays, as Ilan Lipper & Jon Stone state in their article about nuclear powers and society, it is the second largest energy source in the U. S. There are more than 110 nuclear plants throughout the U. S, and they produce more energy than hydropower, oil or gas, researchers write. For the U. S nuclear energy became a cheap and relatively safe source of energy, and many countries decided to adopt American experience in this field. Today most European and Asian countries have nuclear plants that provide them with energy. Nevertheless, a question emerges which is whether it is safe to grant access to nuclear powers to countries of the Persian Gulf, like Iran, who are known for being aggressive and searching for the means to get weapons. Politicians and usual people all over the world are discussing this question. Their main fears are that nuclear power in wrong hands may be transformed into weapon, and thus harm the ecology severely. Discussions take place all over the world about the influence of nuclear power plants on the ecology. Some say that they are not safe, even when nuclear powers are used only as a source of energy, and not as a weapon. The thing is that nuclear power plants use radioactive materials like uranium and plutonium to produce energy, and there are toxic wastes left, the authors of encyclopedia entry on renewable energy source on NationMaster, a large statistical data source claim. They add that the results of one significant radiation leakage accident on Yucca Mountain were disastrous; so people should be really very careful when using nuclear energy as the source of electricity. In the same time, Ilan Lipper & Jon Stone prove that the dangers of using nuclear power are overestimated. They state that unlike the wastes that stay after burning of coal, which stay toxic forever, nuclear wastes toxicity reduces with each passing day, as its elements are not stable. They prove that the amount of toxic wastes thrown into the air each year is less in the countries where nuclear plants are the main source of electricity, than in the countries where there are few or no nuclear plants. It is clearly seen that nuclear power is a very effective source of energy, and the damage it does to ecology in normal conditions is less than that of burning coal, or other means of getting electricity. Nevertheless human factor should not be forgotten. One serious human mistake is enough to let the effective and relatively safe nuclear power lead to disastrous consequences. In case an uncontrollable chain reaction emerges on the nuclear power plant, thousands of acres of lands and thousands of tons of water would be polluted, and the health of thousands of people would be damaged. The problem with nuclear power is that it is too powerful. When used correctly it can let governments save billions of dollars, as the energy produced by nuclear power plants is relatively cheap, and protect the environment from negative influence of toxic wastes other methods of getting electricity produce, but one mistake with nuclear power can lead to unpredictable and very serious consequences. Another serious problem with using nuclear power for producing energy is that the elements used for it can also be used for creating nuclear weapon. Human beings have always been at war with each other, and since prehistoric times they have been inventing more and more accomplished methods of murdering each other. On the present moment nuclear weapon is one of the most effective ones, along with bacteriological weapon. Nuclear weapon was used only two times in history, on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. It slaughtered all the dwellers of these cities, and polluted the area so that people could not live there. More than sixty years passed, and still no one lives in these places. The consequences of using nuclear weapon were so disastrous and cruel that humans finally understood they had to stop. Most countries signed various agreements stating that they would not use and produce nuclear weapons. Still many countries have nuclear powers, either officially on non-officially, but no one comes to the scratch to use them. Everyone understands that the first bomb dropped will became the end of the world we all live in. Nuclear weapon is so powerful that dozen bombs dropped can slaughter several millions of people, depending on bombs’ sizes. The country which became the target of the nuclear attack will fight back with nuclear weapon murdering people and making land unfit to live on. That is why the issue of giving nuclear power to aggressive countries like those of the Persian Gulf is so debatable. The leaders of these countries state they need nuclear power in order to make the life of their people better, enhance their economy and protect ecology. For example, Iranian scientists prove that the oil and gas resources Iran has are not enough for satisfying the countries need of electricity, as the plants that recycle them to get electricity are out dated, with tons of equipment broken. The article published in Herald Tribune states that the demand on electricity is getting bigger with each passing year, and using non-renewable resources like oil for satisfying it is not rational, and, moreover, dangerous for the country’s ecology. They add that 57 of 60 oil fields need major repairs and modernization in order to produce enough oil to satisfy the demand in electricity. In general their viewpoint is easy to understand, as they want to use the cheap and relatively safe method of getting electricity most European and American countries use. In the same time Iranian aggressive politics towards other countries makes everyone suspect that they can use nuclear powers in purposes other than producing electricity. Giacomo Luciani, the Director of Gulf Research Center, states in his article â€Å"The Gulf Countries and Nuclear Energy† that the resources of oil are scarce in Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman. He proves that soon there will not be enough of oil there to satisfy the existing demand in electricity. He adds that the restrictions USA and its allies impose on Persian Gulf countries in the issue of nuclear energy put their industries from adequate development. Luciani reminds that there are some industries within these countries, like aluminium smelting and water desalination that are of crucial importance to this region, and to other countries. His viewpoint is that given that Persian Gulf countries are gradually becoming industrial ones it is not rational to deprive them of the means to get cheap electricity, which is essential for all industrial fields. â€Å"The key to success is exactly in viewing nuclear technology as an economic, not a political or security choice. † – says Luciani. Nevertheless, given the political situation in this region the question of granting access to nuclear power cannot be viewed as an economic issue only. Some of the leaders of these countries are too ambitious to be satisfied with current situation. Of course most people who vote for creating nuclear power plants in Iran, Dahrain and other countries of this region in fact want to provide electricity. Their goal is to help develop industry in this region, in order to provide well-being to its dwellers. Meanwhile one person in power who desires control would be enough to create nuclear power plants to security threat. There are no warranties that the leaders of these countries will not be able to access nuclear power plants, as their powers in their countries are almost unlimited. In addition, terroristic groups functioning in Persian Gulf region should not be forgotten. Terrorists are people who are ready for anything to reach their goals; murdering thousands of people is not an ethical problem for them; again, there is no warranty they will not be able to access elements used for nuclear reactions on plants producing electricity. Nuclear energy is a relatively safe and cheap source of electricity nowadays. Most American and European countries use it. Some economists see nuclear plants as a universal solution for satisfying the demand in electricity. Meanwhile there are aspects about nuclear energy that have to be considered when using it. Using nuclear power may be dangerous, as an uncontrollable chain reaction may occur, and lead to nuclear explosion. In the same time the danger exists that nuclear powers may be used to create nuclear weapons. This fear is one of the main obstacles for giving Iran and other countries of the Persian Gulf access to nuclear powers. Researchers prove it would be beneficial for their economy, but, given the current political situation in that region, the decision cannot be the purely economical one. At the moment giving nuclear powers to Persian Gulf countries is too dangerous for the well-being of all the people in the world. References 1. Lipper, I. , Stone, J. (1998). Nuclear Energy & Society. Earth and Society Interaction Project. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from http://www. umich. edu/~gs265/society/nuclear. htm 2. Luciani, G. (2007). The Gulf Countries and Nuclear Energy. Gulf Monitor, 6(20-23). Retrieved January 3, 2008 from http://www. grc. ae/data/contents/uploads/Gulf_Monitor_no_6_3450. pdf 3. Renewable Energy Source. (2005). Nation Master Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from http://www. nationmaster. com/encyclopedia/Renewable-energy-source#Is_nuclear_energy_renewable. 3F 4. Sahimi, M. , Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. , Afrasiabi, K. L. (2003, October 14). Energy : Iran needs nuclear power. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved January 3, 2008 from http://www. iht. com/articles/2003/10/14/edsahimi_ed3_. php